I loko o ka manawa "14th Five-Year Plan", e like me ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā "carbon peak and carbon neutral" o ka ʻāina, e alakaʻi ka ʻoihana photovoltaic i ka hoʻomohala pahū.ʻO ka pukaʻana o kaʻoihana photovoltaic ua "hoʻokumu i ka waiwai" no ke kaulahaoʻoihana holoʻokoʻa.I loko o kēia kaulahao nani, ʻo ke aniani photovoltaic kahi loulou pono ʻole.I kēia lā, ke kākoʻo nei i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ke piʻi nei ke koi no ke aniani photovoltaic i kēlā me kēia lā, a aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka lako a me ka noi.I ka manawa like, ua piʻi aʻe ke one haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke one quartz ultra-white, kahi mea nui no ke aniani photovoltaic, a ua piʻi ke kumukūʻai a ua pōkole ka lako.Manaʻo ka poʻe akamai o ka ʻoihana e loaʻa i ke one quartz haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka piʻi lōʻihi ma mua o 15% no nā makahiki he 10.Ma lalo o ka makani ikaika o ka photovoltaic, ka hana ʻana o ke one quartz haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i huki nui ʻia.
1. Ke one Quartz no ke aniani photovoltaic
Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ke aniani Photovoltaic e like me ka panel encapsulation o nā modula photovoltaic, a pili pololei ia me ke kaiapuni o waho.ʻO kona kūpaʻa i ka wā, ka ikaika, ka māmā māmā a me nā mea hōʻailona ʻē aʻe ke kuleana nui i ke ola o nā modula photovoltaic a me ka hana hoʻomohala mana lōʻihi.ʻO nā ion hao i loko o ke one quartz he maʻalahi ke kala, a i mea e hōʻoia ai i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka lā o ke aniani kumu, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hao o ke aniani photovoltaic ma mua o ke aniani maʻamau, a me ke one quartz haʻahaʻa me ka maʻemaʻe silicon kiʻekiʻe. a pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea haumia haʻahaʻa.
I kēia manawa, he liʻiliʻi nā one quartz haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe e maʻalahi i koʻu ʻāina, a ua māhele nui ʻia lākou ma Heyuan, Guangxi, Fengyang, Anhui, Hainan a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe.I ka wā e hiki mai ana, me ka ulu ʻana o ka mana hana o ke aniani keʻokeʻo ultra-keʻokeʻo no nā cell solar, ʻo ke one quartz kiʻekiʻe me nā wahi hana liʻiliʻi e lilo i kumu waiwai liʻiliʻi.ʻO ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke one quartz kiʻekiʻe a paʻa i ka hoʻokūkū o nā hui aniani photovoltaic i ka wā e hiki mai ana.No laila, pehea e hōʻemi pono ai i ka ʻike o ka hao, aluminika, titanium a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe i ke one quartz a hoʻomākaukau i ke one quartz maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe he kumuhana noiʻi wela.
2. Iecaianoaaiiuo haahaa-hao quartz one no photovoltaic aniani
2.1 Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke one Quartz no ke aniani Photovoltaic
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe quartz kuʻuna i hoʻohana pono ʻia i ka ʻoihana e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ka holoi ʻana, ka calcination-water quenching, grinding, sieving, magnetic separation, gravity separation, flotation, acid leaching, microbial leaching, high temperature degassing, etc., hoʻomaʻemaʻe hohonu Loaʻa nā kaʻina hana chlorinated roasting, irradiated color sorting, superconducting magnetic sorting, kiʻekiʻe wela wela a pēlā aku.Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke kaʻina hana maʻamau o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke one quartz home mai ka "wili, hoʻokaʻawale magnetic, holoi" a hiki i ka "hoʻokaʻawale → hoʻoheheʻe ʻia → calcination → kinai wai → wili → screening → hoʻokaʻawale magnetic → flotation → acid ʻO ke kaʻina hana pōmaikaʻi hui. o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe → holoi → hoʻomaloʻo, hui pū me ka microwave, kani ultrasonic a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kōkua, hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe.I ka nānā ʻana i nā koi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke aniani photovoltaic, ʻo ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻoneʻe one quartz e hoʻolauna nui ʻia.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, aia ka hao ma nā ʻano maʻamau ʻeono i loko o ka quartz ore:
① Loaʻa ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana maikaʻi i ka pālolo a i ʻole kaolinized feldspar
②Hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana quartz i ke ʻano o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hao
③ ʻO nā minerala hao e like me ka hematite, magnetite, specularite, qinite, etc.
④ Aia ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoinu ʻana a i ʻole ka lens i loko o nā ʻāpana quartz
⑤ Loaʻa i ke kūlana o ka hopena paʻa i loko o ke aniani quartz
⑥ E hui pū ʻia kekahi nui o ka hao lua i ke kaʻina wili a wili
No ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻana i nā minelala hao mai ka quartz, pono e ʻike mua i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā haumia hao i loko o ka quartz ore a koho i kahi ala kūpono kūpono a me ke kaʻina kaʻawale e hoʻokō i ka wehe ʻana i nā haumia hao.
(1) Kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale magnetic
Hiki i ke kaʻina hoʻokaʻawale magnetic ke hoʻoneʻe i nā minerala haumia palupalu palupalu e like me ka hematite, limonite a me ka biotite me nā ʻāpana conjoined i ka nui loa.Wahi a ka ikaika magnetic, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic i ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic ikaika a me ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic nāwaliwali.Hoʻohana maʻamau ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic ikaika a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic gradient kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, hiki ke koho ʻia ke one quartz i loko o nā minerala haumia palupalu nāwaliwali e like me limonite, hematite, biotite, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mīkini mākū ikaika ma kahi waiwai ma luna o 8.0 × 105A/m;No nā minelala magnetic ikaika i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka hao hao, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mīkini magnetic nāwaliwali a i ʻole ka mīkini mīkini maʻamau no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.[2] I kēia mau lā, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻokaʻawale kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika magnetic field magnetic separator, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wā i hala.No ka laʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electromagnetic induction roller type strong magnetic separator e wehe i ka hao ma lalo o 2.2T magnetic field ikaika hiki ke hōʻemi i ka ʻike o Fe2O3 mai 0.002% a i 0.0002%.
(2) Ke kaʻina hana lana
ʻO ka Flotation kahi kaʻina no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāpana mineral ma o nā waiwai kino a me nā mea kemika ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana mineral.ʻO ka hana nui ka wehe ʻana i ka mica mineral pili a me ka feldspar mai ke one quartz.No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā minelala hao a me ka quartz, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā haumia hao a me ke ʻano puʻupuʻu o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana nui ke kī i ke koho ʻana i kahi kaʻina kaʻawale kūpono no ka wehe ʻana i ka hao.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā minelala hao i loaʻa kahi helu uila ʻeleʻele ma luna o 5, i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻakika, a kūpono hoʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hōʻiliʻili anionic.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻakika momona (kopa), hydrocarbyl sulfonate a i ʻole sulfate ma ke ʻano he ʻohi anionic no ka lele ʻana o ka hao oxide.Hiki i ka Pyrite ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka pyrite mai ka quartz i loko o kahi pōʻai pickling me ka mea hana flotation maʻamau no ka isobutyl xanthate me ka pauka ʻeleʻele butylamine (4:1).ʻO ka dosage ma kahi o 200ppmw.
Hoʻohana maʻamau ka flotation o ilmenite i ka sodium oleate (0.21mol / L) ma ke ʻano he flotation agent e hoʻoponopono i ka pH i 4 ~ 10.He hopena kemika ma waena o nā ion oleate a me nā mea hao ma ka ʻili o ka ilmenite e hana i ka hao oleate, ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kemika Oleate iions mālama ilmenite me ka floatability maikaʻi.ʻO nā mea hōʻiliʻili waika phosphonic hydrocarbon i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei he maikaʻi ke koho a me ka hana hōʻiliʻili no ka ilmenite.
(3) Kaʻina hoʻolele ʻakika
ʻO ke kumu nui o ke kaʻina hana leaching acid, ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana i nā minerala hao hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai waika.ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka leaching acid e pili ana i ka nui o ke one quartz, ka mahana, ka manawa, ke ʻano waikawa, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka waikawa, ka ratio paʻa-wai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hoʻonui i ka mahana a me ka hopena waikawa.Hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka leaching a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka radius o nā ʻāpana quartz.ʻO ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe o kahi waikawa hoʻokahi ka palena, a he hopena synergistic ka hui hui, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o nā mea haumia e like me Fe a me K. ʻO nā waikawa inorganic maʻamau he HF, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, HClO4. , H2C2O4, maʻamau, ʻelua a ʻoi aʻe paha o lākou i hui ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ma kekahi ʻāpana.
ʻO ka ʻakika Oxalic kahi ʻakika maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka leaching acid.Hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi paʻa paʻa me nā ion metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a holoi maʻalahi nā mea haumia.Loaʻa iā ia nā pōmaikaʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka hao.Hoʻohana kekahi poʻe i ka ultrasound e kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka waika oxalic, a ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka ultrasound tank, ʻo ka probe ultrasound ka Fe kiʻekiʻe loa o ka wehe ʻana, ʻo ka nui o ka waika oxalic ma lalo o 4g/L, a hiki i ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka hao. 75.4%.
ʻO ka hiki ʻana o ka waika dilute a me ka waika hydrofluoric hiki ke hoʻopau maikaʻi i nā haumia metala e like me Fe, Al, Mg, akā pono e mālama ʻia ka nui o ka waika hydrofluoric no ka mea hiki i ka waika hydrofluoric ke corrode i nā ʻāpana quartz.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe.I waena o lākou, ʻo ka waikawa hui ʻia o HCl a me HF ka hopena maikaʻi loa.Hoʻohana kekahi poʻe i ka HCl a me HF i hui ʻia i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke one quartz ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.Ma o ka leaching kemika, ʻo ka nui o nā mea haumia he 40.71μg / g, a ʻo ka maʻemaʻe o SiO2 he kiʻekiʻe e like me 99.993wt%.
(4) ʻO ka lele ʻana i ka microbial
Hoʻohana ʻia nā microorganisms i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka hao kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi a i ʻole ka hao ʻana i ka hao ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana one quartz, ʻo ia kahi hana i kūkulu ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i ka hao.Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina haole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Pseudomonas, Polymyxin Bacillus a me nā microorganisms ʻē aʻe i ka leaching hao ma ka ʻili o ke kiʻi quartz i loaʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka Aspergillus niger leaching hao maikaʻi loa.ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o Fe2O3 ma luna o 75%, a ʻo ka pae o ka Fe2O3 concentrate he haʻahaʻa e like me 0.007%.A ua ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka hao me ka kanu mua ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi bacteria a me nā moka.
2.2 Nā holomua noiʻi ʻē aʻe o ke one quartz no ke aniani photovoltaic
I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka nui o ka waika, e hoʻemi i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai, a me ke aloha kaiapuni, ʻo Peng Shou [5] et al.hōʻike i kahi ala no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke one quartz haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa 10ppm e kahi kaʻina non-pickling: hoʻohana ʻia ka quartz vein maoli ma ke ʻano he mea maka, a ʻekolu-ʻanuʻu ʻoki ʻana, ʻO ka papa mua o ka wili ʻana a me ka papa helu lua hiki ke loaʻa ka 0.1 ~ 0.7mm grit. ;ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka grit e ka pae mua o ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic a me ka lua o ka pae o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka magnetic ikaika o ka hao mechanical a me nā minerala hao e loaʻa ai ke one hoʻokaʻawale magnetic;Loaʻa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke one ma ka lua o ka pae flotation Fe2O3 maʻiʻo haʻahaʻa ma mua o 10ppm haʻahaʻa hao quartz one, flotation hoʻohana iā H2SO4 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono, hoʻoponopono pH = 2 ~ 3, hoʻohana i ka sodium oleate a me ka aila niu propylene diamine e like me nā ʻohi. .ʻO ke one quartz i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ʻo SiO2≥99.9%, Fe2O3≤10ppm, e hoʻokō i nā koi o nā mea waiwai siliceous e pono ai no ke aniani optical, ke aniani hōʻike photoelectric, a me ke aniani quartz.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, me ka emi ʻana o nā kumu waiwai quartz kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i nā kumu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ua hoʻopiʻi nui ʻia.Ua hoʻohana ʻo Xie Enjun o Kina i nā mea kūkulu hale ʻo Bengbu Glass Industry Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. i nā huelo kaolin e hoʻomākaukau ai i ke one quartz haʻahaʻa no ke aniani photovoltaic.ʻO ka quartz ka hui mineral nui o Fujian kaolin tailings, aia kahi liʻiliʻi o nā mineral haumia e like me kaolinite, mica, a me feldspar.Ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā huelo kaolin e ke kaʻina beneficiation o "grinding-hydraulic classification-magnetic separation-flotation", ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o 0.6 ~ 0.125mm ma mua o 95%, SiO2 he 99.62%, ʻo Al2O3 ka 0.065%, ʻo Fe2O3. ʻO 92 × 10-6 one quartz maikaʻi e hoʻokō i nā koi maikaʻi o ke one quartz haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ke aniani photovoltaic.
Ua paʻi ʻo Shao Weihua a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe mai ka Zhengzhou Institute of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, i kahi patent noʻonoʻo: he ala no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke one quartz maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe mai nā huelo kaolin.Nā ʻanuʻu hana: a.Hoʻohana ʻia nā huelo Kaolin ma ke ʻano he ʻeleʻele maka, i kānana ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana a me ka holoi ʻia e loaʻa ai ka mea +0.6mm;b.+ 0.6mm mea i lepo a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, a 0.4mm0.1mm mineral mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hana hoʻokaʻawale magnetic , No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea magnetic a me nā mea hana ʻole, nā mea non-magnetic e komo i ka hana hoʻokaʻawale gravity e loaʻa ai ka gravity separation light mineral a ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻumekaumaha nā minerala kaumaha, a me nā minerala māmā hoʻokaʻawale ʻumekaumaha e komo i ka hana rerind e nānā i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā minerala +0.1mm;c.+0.1mm Hoʻokomo ka mineral i ka hana flotation no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka flotation concentrate.Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai luna o ka flotation concentrate a laila hoʻopili ʻia me ka ultrasonically pickled, a laila kānana ʻia e loaʻa ka +0.1mm mea koʻikoʻi e like me ke one quartz maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.ʻAʻole hiki i ke ʻano o ka mea hou ke loaʻa i nā huahana quartz concentrate kiʻekiʻe, akā he manawa pōkole hoʻi, ke kahe kaʻina maʻalahi, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu haʻahaʻa, a me ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka quartz concentrate i loaʻa, hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi o ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. quartz.
Loaʻa i nā huelo Kaolin ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai quartz.Ma o ka pōmaikaʻi, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hana hohonu, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā koi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka photovoltaic ultra-white glass raw material.Hāʻawi kēia i kahi manaʻo hou no ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai tailing kaolin.
3. Nānā makeke o ke one quartz haʻahaʻa no ke aniani photovoltaic
Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, i ka hapa lua o 2020, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka mana hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka koi pahū ma lalo o ka pōmaikaʻi kiʻekiʻe.ʻAʻole ibalanced ka hoʻolako a me ke koi o ke aniani photovoltaic, a ke piʻi nei ke kumukūʻai.Ma lalo o ke kelepona hui ʻana o nā ʻoihana modula photovoltaic he nui, i Dekemaba 2020, ua hoʻopuka ka Ministry of Industry and Information Technology i kahi palapala e wehewehe ana ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka papahana aniani ʻōwili photovoltaic i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻololi.Hoʻopili ʻia e ke kulekele hou, e hoʻonui ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka hana aniani photovoltaic mai 2021. Wahi a ka ʻike lehulehu, ʻo ka hiki o ke aniani photovoltaic i ʻōwili ʻia me kahi hoʻolālā maopopo no ka hana ʻana ma 21/22 e hiki i 22250/26590t/d, me kahi 68.4/48.6% ka ulu makahiki.I ka hihia o nā kulekele a me nā ʻaoʻao koi, manaʻo ʻia ke one photovoltaic e hoʻomaka i ka ulu pahū.
2015-2022 kiʻi aniani photovoltaic hiki ke hana
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka mana hana o ke aniani photovoltaic hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke one silica haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka lako, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e kaupalena ai i ka hana maoli o ke aniani photovoltaic.Wahi a nā helu helu, mai ka makahiki 2014, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana ʻana o ke one quartz home o koʻu ʻāina ma mua o ka noi o ka home, a ua mālama ka lako a me ke koi i kahi kaulike paʻa.
I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi koʻu ʻāina i nā kumuwaiwai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa quartz placer, ʻike ʻia ma Heyuan o Guangdong, Beihai o Guangxi, Fengyang o Anhui a me Donghai o Jiangsu, a he nui ka nui o lākou e pono e lawe ʻia mai.
ʻO ke one quartz ultra-keʻokeʻo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kekahi o nā mea waiwai nui (e helu ana ma kahi o 25% o ke kumu kūʻai maka) i nā makahiki i hala.Ua piʻi pū ke kumukūʻai.I ka wā ma mua, aia ma kahi o 200 yuan/ton no ka manawa lōʻihi.Ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi Q1 i nā makahiki 20, ua hāʻule ia mai kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, a ke mālama nei ia i ka hana paʻa no ka manawa.
I ka makahiki 2020, he 90.93 miliona tons ka makemake nui o ko'u aina no ke one quartz, he 87.65 miliona tons ka puka, a he 3.278 miliona tons.Wahi a ka ʻike lehulehu, ʻo ka nui o ka pōhaku quartz i 100kg o ke aniani hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma kahi o 72.2kg.Wahi a ka hoʻolālā hoʻonui o kēia manawa, hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ke aniani photovoltaic i 2021/2022 hiki ke hiki i 3.23/24500t/d, e like me ka hana makahiki i helu ʻia ma kahi o 360 mau lā, e like ka huina o ka hana me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka noi no ka haʻahaʻa. -iron silica one o 836/635 miliona tons / makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke koi hou no ke one silica haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i lawe ʻia e ke aniani photovoltaic i 2021/2022 e helu no ke one quartz holoʻokoʻa i 2020 9.2% / 7.0% o ka noi. .I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke one silica haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ke koi koi ʻana i ke one silica haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻopukapuka nui ʻana o ke aniani kiʻi photovoltaic e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kaomi ma luna. ka ʻoihana one quartz holoʻokoʻa.
— ʻŌlelo mai ka Pūnaehana Pahu
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-11-2021