ʻO ke ʻano o ka chromium
ʻO Chromium, hōʻailona element Cr, helu ʻātoma 24, nuipa atomika pili 51.996, no ka mea metala hoʻololi o ka hui VIB o ka papaʻaina manawa o nā mea kemika. ʻO ka metala Chromium he kristal cubic i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kino, kālā-keʻokeʻo, density 7.1g/cm³, wahi hoʻoheheʻe 1860 ℃, wahi paila 2680 ℃, mana wela kikoʻī ma 25 ℃ 23.35J/(mol·K), wela o ka vaporization 342.1kJ/ mol, thermal conductivity 91.3 W / (m · K) (0-100 ° C), resistivity (20 ° C) 13.2uΩ·cm, me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi.
He ʻelima mau valences o chromium: +2, +3, +4, +5 a me +6. Ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka hana endogenous, chromium maʻamau +3 valence. ʻO nā hui me + trivalent chromium ka mea paʻa loa. + ʻO nā pūhui chromium ʻeono, me nā paʻakai chromium, loaʻa nā waiwai oxidizing ikaika. Ua like ka radii ionic o Cr3+, AI3+ a me Fe3+, no laila hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa nā ʻano like like. Eia kekahi,ʻo nā mea hiki ke hoʻololiʻia me ka chromium he manganese, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, etc., no laila ua hoʻolaha nuiʻia ka chromium i loko o ka magnesium iron silicate minerals a me nā mea kōkua.
Palapala noi
ʻO Chromium kekahi o nā metala i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana hou. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka hana ʻana i ke kila kila a me nā ʻano kila kila like ʻole i ke ʻano o nā ferroalloys (e like me ferrochrome). Loaʻa i ka Chromium nā hiʻohiʻona o ka paʻakikī, ka ʻaʻahu, ka wela a me ka corrosion. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Chrome ore i ka metallurgy, refractory material, kemika a me nā ʻoihana foundry.
I ka ʻoihana metallurgical, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka chromium ore e honi i ka ferrochrome a me ka chromium metala. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chromium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui kila e hana ai i nā ʻano kila kūikawā kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa-corrosion, pale ʻaʻahu, kiʻekiʻe-mehana, a me ka oxidation-resistant, e like me ke kila kila, ke kila ʻakika, ke kila wela. ke kila kila, ke kila puna, ke kila mea hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ka Chromium ke hoʻonui i nā waiwai mechanical a hoʻopaʻa i ke kūpaʻa o ke kila. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka chromium metala e hoʻoheheʻe i nā alloys kūikawā me ka cobalt, nickel, tungsten a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ka Chrome plating a me ka chromizing ke hana i ke kila, ke keleawe, ka aluminika a me nā metala ʻē aʻe e hana i kahi ʻili pale-corrosion, he nani a nani.
I loko o ka ʻoihana refractory, ʻo ka chromium ore kahi mea refractory koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā pōhaku chrome, nā pōhaku chrome magnesia, nā refractory kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea refractory kūikawā (chrome concrete). ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Chromium ka nui o nā pōhaku lepo me ka chrome ore a me ka magnesia, sintered magnesia-chrome clinker, molten magnesia-chrome brick, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pōhaku lepo magnesia-chrome. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā kapuahi hāmama, nā kapuahi induction, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
I ka ʻoihana foundry, ʻaʻole e launa pū ka chromium ore me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā o ka ninini ʻana, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kūpaʻa i ke komo ʻana i ka metala, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka chilling hana ma mua o ka zircon. Loaʻa nā koi koʻikoʻi o ka Chrome ore no ka foundry i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kemika a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana.
I ka ʻoihana kemika, ʻo ka hoʻohana pololei ʻana i ka chromium ka hana ʻana i ka sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7·H2O) solution, a laila e hoʻomākaukau i nā pūhui chromium ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana e like me ka puaʻa, textiles, electroplating, a me ka hana ʻili, a me nā catalysts. .
ʻO ka pauka chromium ore lepo maikaʻi he mea pena kala maoli i ka hana ʻana i nā aniani, nā seramika a me nā tile aniani. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium dichromate e hoʻopōʻino i ka ʻili, ʻo ka protein (collagen) a me nā haʻahaʻa i loko o ka ʻili mua e hana me nā mea kemika e hana i kahi paʻa paʻa, a lilo ia i kumu o nā huahana ʻili. I ka ʻoihana textile, hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium dichromate ma ke ʻano he mordant i ka hoʻoluʻu lole, hiki ke hoʻopili pono i nā molekala kala i nā pūhui organik; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he oxidant i ka hana ʻana i nā dyes a me nā mea waena.
Mineralo Chromium
Aia ma mua o 50 mau ʻano minelala i loaʻa i ka chromium i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he haʻahaʻa chromium haʻahaʻa a hoʻopuehu ʻia, he haʻahaʻa ka waiwai hoʻohana ʻoihana. ʻO kēia mau minerala i loko o ka chromium no nā oxides, chromates a me nā silicates, ma kahi o kekahi mau hydroxides, iodates, nitrides a me sulfides. Ma waena o lākou, ʻike ʻia nā minerala chromium nitride a me chromium sulfide i nā meteorites.
Ma ke ʻano he ʻano mineral i loko o ka subfamily o ka chromium ore, ʻo ka chromite ka mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka chromium. ʻO ke ʻano kemika theoretical ʻo (MgFe)Cr2O4, kahi o ka ʻike Cr2O3 he 68%, a ʻo FeO he 32%. I loko o kāna haku mele, ʻo ka cation trivalent ka nui o Cr3+, a aia pinepine nā Al3+, Fe3+ a me Mg2+, Fe2+ isomorphic substitutions. I loko o ka chromite maoli i hana ʻia, ua hoʻololi pinepine ʻia kahi hapa o Fe2+ e Mg2+, a ua pani ʻia ʻo Cr3+ e Al3+ a me Fe3+ i nā degere like ʻole. ʻAʻole kūlike ka pae piha o ka hoʻololi isomorphic ma waena o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka chromite. ʻO nā cation coordination ʻehā ka nui o ka magnesium a me ka hao, a me ka hoʻololi isomorphic piha ma waena o ka magnesium-hao. Wahi a ke ʻano mahele ʻehā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka chromite i ʻehā mau pūʻulu: magnesium chromite, iron-magnesium chromite, mafic-iron chromite a me iron-chromite. Eia kekahi, loaʻa pinepine ka chromite i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka manganese, kahi hui homogeneous o titanium, vanadium a me ka zinc. ʻO ke ʻano o ka chromite he ʻano spinel maʻamau.
4. Kūlana maikaʻi o ka chromium concentrate
E like me nā ʻano hana like ʻole (mineralization a me ka ʻai maoli), ua māhele ʻia ka chromium ore no ka metallurgy i ʻelua ʻano: concentrate (G) a me lump ore (K). E nānā i ka papa ma lalo.
ʻO nā koi kūpono no ka chromite ore no ka metallurgy
ʻenehana hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ʻo Chrome ore
1) Koho hou
I kēia manawa, he kūlana koʻikoʻi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka gravity i ka pōmaikaʻi o ka chromium ore. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka gravity, e hoʻohana ana i ka waiho ʻana i loko o ka wai wai e like me ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻo ia ke ala nui no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka chromium ore ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea hoʻokaʻawale ʻumekaumaha he spiral chute a me ka concentrator centrifugal, a ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka nui o ka nui o ka hana. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā minerala chromium a me nā minela gangue ma mua o 0.8g/cm3, a ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka umekaumaha o kekahi ʻāpana nui ma mua o 100um hiki ke ʻoluʻolu. ka hopena o. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a koho mua ʻia nā ʻōpala koʻikoʻi (100 ~ 0.5mm) e ka pōmaikaʻi kaumaha-medium, ʻo ia ke ʻano hoʻokele waiwai.
2) Mākēneki hoʻokaʻawale
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka Magnetic kahi ala pōmaikaʻi e ʻike ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā minelala i loko o kahi kahua magnetic non-uniform e pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa magnetic o nā minerala i loko o ka ʻaila. Loaʻa iā Chromite nā waiwai magnetic palupalu a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke apo kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe gradient magnetic separator, wet plate magnetic separator a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā coefficients susceptibility magnetic o nā minerala chromium i hana ʻia i nā wahi hana chromium ore o ka honua, a ua like ia me nā coefficients susceptibility magnetic kūikawā o wolframite a me wolframite i hana ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole.
ʻElua mau kūlana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka chromium concentrate kiʻekiʻe: ʻo ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā minerala magnetic ikaika (ʻoi loa ka magnetite) i loko o ka ʻele ma lalo o kahi māla palupalu nāwaliwali e hoʻonui ai i ka ratio o ka ferrochrome, a ʻo kekahi e hoʻohana i kahi. kahua mākia ikaika. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā minerala gangue a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka chromium ore (nā minerala magnetic nāwaliwali).
3) koho uila
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale uila ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka chromium ore a me ka silicate gangue mineral ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai uila o nā minela, e like me nā ʻokoʻa o ka conductivity a me ka dielectric mau.
4) Lanakila
I ke kaʻina hana o ka umekaumaha hoʻokaʻawale, maikaʻi-grained (-100um) chromite ore ua hoolei pinepine ia e like me ka huelo, akā, i ka chromite o keia nui, he mea hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe waiwai, no laila, hiki ke hoʻohana i ka flotation ala no ka haʻahaʻa-grade fine Granular chromite ore. ua loaa. ʻO ka lele ʻana o ka chromium ore me 20% ~ 40% Cr2O3 i nā huelo a me ka serpentine, olivine, rutile a me ka calcium magnesium carbonate mineral e like me nā minerala gangue. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻaila i ka 200μm, ke aniani wai, phosphate, metaphosphate, fluorosilicate, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻopuehu a kāohi i ka sludge, a hoʻohana ʻia ka waika momona unsaturated ma ke ʻano he ʻohi. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻopuehu ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōpala gangue i ke kaʻina flotation. Hiki i nā iona metala e like me ka hao a me ke kēpau ke hoʻoikaika i ka chromite. Ke emi ka pH o ka slurry ma lalo o 6, ʻaʻole e lana ka chromite. I ka pōkole, nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka flotation reagent, ʻaʻole paʻa ka papa concentrate, a haʻahaʻa ka helu hoʻihoʻi. ʻO Ca2+ a me Mg2+ i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai nā minerala gangue e hoʻemi i ka koho o ke kaʻina flotation.
5) Loaʻa i ka waiwai kemika
ʻO ke kaʻina hana kemika ʻo ka mālama pono ʻana i kekahi oka chromite ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke ʻano kino a i ʻole ke kumu kūʻai o ke ʻano kino. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ratio Cr/Fe o ka concentrate i hana ʻia e ke ʻano kemika ma mua o ke ʻano hana kino maʻamau. ʻO nā ʻano hana kemika: ka leaching koho, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa oxidation, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka sulfuric acid a me ka chromic acid leaching, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka sulfuric acid leaching, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. nā ʻano i ka pōmaikaʻi chromite i kēia lā. Hiki i nā ʻano hana kemika ke unuhi pololei i ka chromium mai ka ʻai a hana i ka chromium carbide a me ka chromium oxide.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Apr-30-2021